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Covid-19 vaccine and prednisone
Sailler 1 , A. Blancher 2 , F. Abravanel 3 , J. Izopet 4 , C. Bost 5 , E. Treiner 6 , N. Congy 7 , Y. Figure 1. There is little evidence regarding the effect of corticosteroid, a potent anti-inflammatory agent, on the immunogenicity of the COVID vaccine, which would be essential data to guide patients on corticosteroid use 8. During mass vaccination of healthcare workers HCWs with ChAd, several HCWs who used corticosteroid agents for various reasons experienced lower reactogenicity than those who did not.
A prospective cohort study evaluating post-vaccination reactogenicity and immunogenicity was conducted in the Republic of Korea, at a bed tertiary care hospital which has more than 5, HCWs. The first doses of ChAd were administered between March and May , and the second dose occurred 10 to 12 weeks after the first dose. The first and second BNT vaccinations were administered during March , with a three-week interval between them.
Since no one took corticosteroid in ChAd group around the second dose of vaccination while half of ChAdPd group took short-term corticosteroid around the heterogeneous boosting, we conducted following reactogenicity and immunogenicity investigation among ChAdPd group.
The reactogenicity data after the first dose of vaccination were collected for seven days using an electronic diary eDiary format, which was developed based on phase III clinical trials of the vaccines 1 , 2. A total of 11 side effects as well as the need for AAP to control side effects were investigated. Local side effects included pain, redness, and swelling at the injection site.
Systemic side effects were fever, chill, myalgia, arthralgia, fatigue, headache, vomiting, and diarrhea. Participants rated each symptom on a scale of 0 to 4 every day from Day 0 vaccination day to Day 7. If there were no symptoms, a score of 0 was selected, 1 for mild, 2 for moderate, 3 for severe, and 4 for critical.
For AAP, a score of 0 was selected for no need for AAP, 1 for 1—2 tablets per day, 2 for 3—4 tablets, 3 for 5—6 tablets, and 4 for more than 7 tablets. Information about age, sex, underlying diseases, body mass index BMI , and any medications taken within 1 week of vaccination also were collected. A double-antigen sandwich principle was utilized and the electrochemiluminescence immunoassay ECLIA method was applied using cobas e immunoassay analyzers. The detectable isotypes included IgA and IgG A cut-off index COI greater than or equal to 1.
A recombinant receptor binding domain of spike protein was used with a double-antigen sandwich principle. The linear range was 0. HCWs in the ChAdPd group took oral prednisolone 5 mg tablet or methyl prednisolone 4 mg tablet as 1 or 2 tablets twice a day or 2 tablets three times a day for up to five days.
The total cumulative dose was 30 mg prednisolone equivalents in median IQR 20— They took corticosteroid as prescribed by a doctor to control underlying disease activity allergic rhinitis or to avoid adverse effects of ChAd. Table 1 Baseline characteristics, reactogenicity, and immunogenicity of vaccinated HCWs. HCWs in the ChAd group experienced significantly higher reactogenicity total score in median When the scores were compared between the ChAd and ChAdPd groups, the total reactogenicity scores were significantly lower in the ChAdPd group median 7.
A total of 11 side effects and the need for AAP to control side effects were investigated and presented as a numeric score of 0 to 4. The S antibody concentrations were significantly higher in the BNT group Third primary doses of the COVID vaccine are being offered to people who have a severely suppressed immune system, either because of a health condition or treatment. This is because research has found that people in this group are less likely to have received a good level of protection from their first two doses of the vaccine.
A third primary dose is being offered to this group to try to increase their initial levels of protection.
Booster doses are offered from time to time after completion of a primary course of vaccinations. This is because the effectiveness of the vaccines in preventing COVID infection has been shown to tail off after a time. The Oxford AstraZeneca vaccine uses a real virus that has been inactivated to cause an immune response. People with some types of arthritis take medicines to suppress the immune system.
In general people on these treatments need to avoid live vaccines. You can find out more about live vaccines and how they can affect people taking drugs to suppress the immune system on our vaccinations webpage. All of the COVID vaccines available in the UK are safe for people with arthritis and people taking drugs that suppress the immune system, even if your condition is active.
People on drugs that suppress the immune system are on the priority list for vaccination that has been produced by the Joint Committee on Vaccination and Immunisation JCVI. There is no good evidence that one vaccine is more suitable than another for people who are on drugs that suppress the immune system.
It may take many months of further research to determine this. Recent trials have shown that mixing vaccine types is safe and does not lower the level of protection from COVID Some people who are taking drugs that suppress the immune system may be given advice to continue avoiding exposure to COVID after they have had the vaccination.
This is because their medications could mean their immune system doesn't respond as strongly to the vaccine as people who don't take these drugs. People with severely suppressed immune systems, either because of their condition or the medication they take, generally receive a much lower level of protection after just one dose of the vaccine, so it is very important for this group to get all recommended doses of the vaccine in order to be as protected as possible. A third dose of the vaccine is recommended for people who have severely suppressed immune systems.
But you should only think about doing this if your rheumatology team say that it is safe to delay your treatment. People who are clinically extremely vulnerable will need to follow the local advice for this group, even if they have been vaccinated against COVID This means that you may be advised to follow advice on shielding and social distancing guidance after you have had it and if you may need a third dose of the vaccine as part of your initial course.
Steroid creams or eye drops should not affect your immune system or response to the vaccine. Your healthcare team might want to discuss delaying a dose of steroids or a steroid injection with you, especially if there is a high risk of getting COVID Children aged who are severely immunosuppressed are able to have a third primary dose of the vaccine.
If you will be taking this medicine for a long time, it is very important that your doctor check you at regular visits for any unwanted effects that may be caused by this medicine. Blood or urine tests may be needed to check for unwanted effects.
Using this medicine while you are pregnant can harm your unborn baby. Use an effective form of birth control to keep from getting pregnant. If you think you have become pregnant while using this medicine, tell your doctor right away. If you are using this medicine for a long time, tell your doctor about any extra stress or anxiety in your life, including other health concerns and emotional stress. Your dose of this medicine might need to be changed for a short time while you have extra stress.
Using too much of this medicine or using it for a long time may increase your risk of having adrenal gland problems. Talk to your doctor right away if you have more than one of these symptoms while you are using this medicine: blurred vision, dizziness or fainting, a fast, irregular, or pounding heartbeat, increased thirst or urination, irritability, or unusual tiredness or weakness.
This medicine may cause you to get more infections than usual. Avoid people who are sick or have infections and wash your hands often. If you are exposed to chickenpox or measles, tell your doctor right away. If you start to have a fever, chills, sore throat, or any other sign of an infection, call your doctor right away.
❿Prednisone (Oral Route) Precautions - Mayo Clinic.
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Search for this keyword. Advanced search. Log in via Institution. Email alerts. Article Text. Article menu. Scientific Abstracts. Sailler 1 , A. Blancher 2 , F. Abravanel 3 , J. Izopet 4 , C. Bost 5 , E. Treiner 6 , N. Congy 7 , Y. Figure 1. Disclosure of Interests None declared. In addition, you should not be around other persons living in your household who receive live virus vaccines because there is a chance they could pass the virus on to you.
Some examples of live vaccines include measles, mumps, influenza nasal flu vaccine , poliovirus oral form , rotavirus, and rubella. Do not get close to them and do not stay in the same room with them for very long. If you have questions about this, talk to your doctor. This medicine may cause changes in mood or behavior for some patients. Tell your doctor right away if you have depression, mood swings, a false or unusual sense of well-being, trouble with sleeping, or personality changes while taking this medicine.
This medicine might cause thinning of the bones osteoporosis or slow growth in children if used for a long time. Tell your doctor if you have any bone pain or if you have an increased risk for osteoporosis.
If your child is using this medicine, tell the doctor if you think your child is not growing properly. Make sure any doctor or dentist who treats you knows that you are using this medicine. This medicine may affect the results of certain skin tests. Do not take other medicines unless they have been discussed with your doctor. This includes prescription or nonprescription over-the-counter [OTC] medicines and herbal or vitamin supplements. There is a problem with information submitted for this request.
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The autumn booster doses should be given a minimum of 3 months after your previous dose of COVID vaccine. Most people in these groups will be offered one of the newer vaccines which target the Omicron BA.
This is because prompt delivery of the booster doses before the winter is considered more important than the type of vaccine given. When the immune system is affected by arthritis or drugs to treat the condition, the risk from COVID is increased. Vaccines are a good way for people with rheumatology conditions to stay safe. Vaccines teach the immune system to recognise infections, stopping people becoming unwell.
The JCVI continues to advise the four governments of the UK on who should receive the vaccines, including booster doses, and when. The vaccine is currently available to everyone over 5. For most people in this age group, the second dose will be given 12 weeks after the first dose. However, those who are at higher risk from COVID or who live with someone who has a weakened immune system may have the two doses 8 weeks apart. For most children in this age group the two doses will be given at least 12 weeks apart3.
In Septemberthe JCVI announced that people who had severely suppressed immune systems at the time of their first and second doses of the vaccine should be offered a third dose.
People with suppressed immune systems will then be eligible for their booster three months after they have had their third primary dose.
You can find out who is able to get a third dose of the vaccine, and a booster dose, in the sections below. In England, you can access the online national booking system to make an appointment or call free of change between 7am and 11pm.
In Scotland, you can visit the NHS Inform website to find out how to book for primary or booster doses. Find you local NHS health board. In Northern Ireland, you may be eligible to book your appointment online for a Trust location.
Or you can go to the nidirect website to find out more about how to book. We know that some people who might be at an increased risk from COVID may still have concerns about visiting their GP practice or local vaccine site to get vaccinated. There are things you can do to reduce your risk of COVID outside the home, such as wearing a mask, washing your hands regularly, and keeping a distance from other people as much as possible.
People over 12 who had severely suppressed immune systems at the time of their first and second doses of the vaccine can get a third dose.
People who have a third dose will be offered their booster after three months. Your GP or rheumatology team will invite you for your booster dose when it's due. Based on the guidance put out by the JCVI, the British Society of Rheumatology BSR has recommended that that most people who were taking the following treatments during the time of their first two doses, be offered a third dose of the vaccine:. Not all people who have or are currently taking these treatments need to receive a third dose.
Your doctor should be able to tell you whether you should receive a third dose based on your medical history. Rheumatology teams and GPs have been asked to review their patient records and invite people with severely suppressed immune systems to get their third dose of the COVID vaccine.
Everyone who is eligible for a third dose of the vaccine should have been contacted by either their rheumatology team or GP by 11 October. If you have not been invited to receive a third dose, but you think you should have been, you should contact your GP or rheumatology team.
If the medications you take have changed over time or if you get your prescriptions from different doctors, it might be harder for doctors to correctly identify you as eligible for a third dose. It may be helpful to confirm your status as a severely immunosuppressed person with your GP in order to arrange getting a third COVID vaccine. You can download this letter template to help you register with your GP as severely immunosuppressed.
PDF, KB. Third primary doses of the COVID vaccine are being offered to people who have a severely suppressed immune system, either because of a health condition or treatment.
This is because research has found that people in this group are less likely to have received a good level of protection from their first two doses of the vaccine. A third primary dose is being offered to this group to try to increase their initial levels of protection. Booster doses are offered from time to time after completion of a primary course of vaccinations. This is because the effectiveness of the vaccines in preventing COVID infection has been shown to tail off after a time.
The Oxford AstraZeneca vaccine uses a real virus that has been inactivated to cause an immune response. People with some types of arthritis take medicines to suppress the immune system. In general people on these treatments need to avoid live vaccines.
You can find out more about live vaccines and how they can affect people taking drugs to suppress the immune system on our vaccinations webpage. All of the COVID vaccines available in the UK are safe for people with arthritis and people taking drugs that suppress the immune system, even if your condition is active.
People on drugs that suppress the immune system are on the priority list for vaccination that has been produced by the Joint Committee on Vaccination and Immunisation JCVI. There is no good evidence that one vaccine is more suitable than another for people who are on drugs that suppress the immune system.
It may take many months of further research to determine this. Recent trials have shown that mixing vaccine types is safe and does not lower the level of protection from COVID Some people who are taking drugs that suppress the immune system may be given advice to continue avoiding exposure to COVID after they have had the vaccination. This is because their medications could mean their immune system doesn't respond as strongly to the vaccine as people who don't take these drugs.
People with severely suppressed immune systems, either because of their condition or the medication they take, generally receive a much lower level of protection after just one dose of the vaccine, so it is very important for this group to get all recommended doses of the vaccine in order to be as protected as possible. A third dose of the vaccine is recommended for people who have severely suppressed immune systems. But you should only think about doing this if your rheumatology team say that it is safe to delay your treatment.
People who are clinically extremely vulnerable will need to follow the local advice for this group, even if they have been vaccinated against COVID This means that you may be advised to follow advice on shielding and social distancing guidance after you have had it and if you may need a third dose of the vaccine as part of your initial course. Steroid creams or eye drops should not affect your immune system or response to the vaccine. Your healthcare team might want to discuss delaying a dose of steroids or a steroid injection with you, especially if there is a high risk of getting COVID Children aged who are severely immunosuppressed are able to have a third primary dose of the vaccine.
Children aged between 12 and 15 who are at higher risk of COVID, or who live with someone who is more likely to get infections such as someone who has rheumatoid arthritis or lupus are also able to get a booster dose of the vaccine. Children in this age group who have had three primary doses of the vaccine will also be able to have a booster dose three months after their last primary dose.
These will be lower doses than the vaccines for adults. It is not yet known if or when year-olds will be able to have booster doses. Trials on using the vaccines during pregnancy and breastfeeding are still in the early stages, but there is nothing to suggest that they are harmful during pregnancy or breastfeeding. If you are pregnant or breastfeeding, your doctor or midwife will be able to give you more advice and discuss with you the benefits and risks of vaccination based on the evidence we have so far.
Guidelines recommend people do not have major surgery and vaccines within one week of each other. This is because both surgery and the vaccine can cause a fever. The person giving you the vaccine will be able to let you know about any side effects that you can expect, and these may differ depending on which of the vaccines you have.
As well as pain at the site of the injection, you may other side effects that include feeling tired, achy, feverish or sick, or have a headache. If you do have side effects, they usually come on shortly after the vaccination and are not linked with more serious or lasting illness. All three of the vaccines are thought to offer short-term protection after the first dose. Research has shown that the Oxford AstraZeneca vaccine prevented COVID in about 7 in every 10 people, with no severe cases from 14 days after the first injection.
Read our dedicated coronavirus information with signposting to the latest official government advice and guidance. Autumn boosters The following groups will be offered a booster dose during the autumn of residents and staff of care homes for older adults frontline health and social care workers all adults aged 50 and over people aged 5—49 who are in a clinical risk group people aged 5—49 who are household contacts of people with weakened immune systems people aged 16—49 who are carers.
Why is it important for me to have the vaccine? Who can get the vaccine currently? Who will receive a third dose of the vaccine?
Based on the guidance put out by the JCVI, the British Society of Rheumatology BSR has recommended that that most people who were taking the following treatments during the time of their first two doses, be offered a third dose of the vaccine: Conventional DMARDs, such as methotrexateazathioprinemycophenolate mofetil. Anti-TNF biologics, such as infliximabadalimumabetanerceptgolimumabcertolizumab pegol. Other biologics, such as rituximabtocilizumababataceptustekinumabsecukinumabbelimumab.
JAK inhibitors, such as baricitinibtofacitinibupadacitinibfilgotinib. Prednisolone steroid tablets at doses of at least 10mg per day. A third dose is recommended at least 8 weeks after the second dose of the vaccine.
What is the difference between a third dose and a booster dose of the vaccine? What vaccines are available? Is one vaccine more suitable than another for people who are on drugs that suppress the immune system? Should I delay or stop my treatment, and will my treatment affect how the vaccine works? Can I have the vaccine if I am taking steroids? Do children need to have the vaccine?
Can I have the vaccine if I am pregnant? Can I have the vaccine if I am waiting for surgery? Are there any side effects? How long will the vaccine take to work? We're here for you. Call our free Helpline onor email helpline versusarthritis. Follow us on TwitterFacebook and Instagram.
Active treatment with: High-dose corticosteroids (ie, ≥20 mg prednisone or equivalent per day for ≥2 weeks); Alkylating agents; Antimetabolites; Transplant-. Among those patients, 6 had only prednisone, 1 was also treated with belimumab, 3 with methotrexate (MTX) and 1 with azathioprine (AZA). Following COVID Prednisone may lower your body's resistance and the vaccine may not work as and current health topics, like COVID, plus expertise on managing health. Among those patients, 6 had only prednisone, 1 was also treated with belimumab, 3 with methotrexate (MTX) and 1 with azathioprine (AZA). Following COVID Evidence showed that with the dose of up to 20 mg/day prednisone or equivalents, the response to inactivated vaccines could not be suppressed, and these. Article Text. Trials on using the vaccines during pregnancy and breastfeeding are still in the early stages, but there is nothing to suggest that they are harmful during pregnancy or breastfeeding.The median total corticosteroid dose of the ChAdPd group was 30 mg prednisolone equivalents interquartile range IQR 20— The S antibody concentration of the ChAdPd group This finding suggest that short-term corticosteroid reduces reactogenicity of the first dose of ChAd without hindering immunogenicity. However, unpredictably higher reactogenicity after the first dose of ChAd compared to that of BNT was observed in the real-world vaccinations 5 , 6.
To control post-vaccination fever or local reactions, healthcare authorities recommend acetaminophen AAP , but it remains unknown how anti-inflammatory agents affect the immunogenicity of COVID vaccines 5 — 7. There is little evidence regarding the effect of corticosteroid, a potent anti-inflammatory agent, on the immunogenicity of the COVID vaccine, which would be essential data to guide patients on corticosteroid use 8.
During mass vaccination of healthcare workers HCWs with ChAd, several HCWs who used corticosteroid agents for various reasons experienced lower reactogenicity than those who did not. A prospective cohort study evaluating post-vaccination reactogenicity and immunogenicity was conducted in the Republic of Korea, at a bed tertiary care hospital which has more than 5, HCWs.
The first doses of ChAd were administered between March and May , and the second dose occurred 10 to 12 weeks after the first dose. The first and second BNT vaccinations were administered during March , with a three-week interval between them. Since no one took corticosteroid in ChAd group around the second dose of vaccination while half of ChAdPd group took short-term corticosteroid around the heterogeneous boosting, we conducted following reactogenicity and immunogenicity investigation among ChAdPd group.
The reactogenicity data after the first dose of vaccination were collected for seven days using an electronic diary eDiary format, which was developed based on phase III clinical trials of the vaccines 1 , 2. A total of 11 side effects as well as the need for AAP to control side effects were investigated.
Local side effects included pain, redness, and swelling at the injection site. Systemic side effects were fever, chill, myalgia, arthralgia, fatigue, headache, vomiting, and diarrhea. Participants rated each symptom on a scale of 0 to 4 every day from Day 0 vaccination day to Day 7. If there were no symptoms, a score of 0 was selected, 1 for mild, 2 for moderate, 3 for severe, and 4 for critical. For AAP, a score of 0 was selected for no need for AAP, 1 for 1—2 tablets per day, 2 for 3—4 tablets, 3 for 5—6 tablets, and 4 for more than 7 tablets.
Information about age, sex, underlying diseases, body mass index BMI , and any medications taken within 1 week of vaccination also were collected. A double-antigen sandwich principle was utilized and the electrochemiluminescence immunoassay ECLIA method was applied using cobas e immunoassay analyzers. The detectable isotypes included IgA and IgG A cut-off index COI greater than or equal to 1.
A recombinant receptor binding domain of spike protein was used with a double-antigen sandwich principle. The linear range was 0. HCWs in the ChAdPd group took oral prednisolone 5 mg tablet or methyl prednisolone 4 mg tablet as 1 or 2 tablets twice a day or 2 tablets three times a day for up to five days.
The total cumulative dose was 30 mg prednisolone equivalents in median IQR 20— They took corticosteroid as prescribed by a doctor to control underlying disease activity allergic rhinitis or to avoid adverse effects of ChAd. Table 1 Baseline characteristics, reactogenicity, and immunogenicity of vaccinated HCWs. HCWs in the ChAd group experienced significantly higher reactogenicity total score in median When the scores were compared between the ChAd and ChAdPd groups, the total reactogenicity scores were significantly lower in the ChAdPd group median 7.
A total of 11 side effects and the need for AAP to control side effects were investigated and presented as a numeric score of 0 to 4. The S antibody concentrations were significantly higher in the BNT group In the overall cohort at the third week of vaccination, 23 HCWs The cellular immune response of the ChAdPd group was compared to that of 10 COVID patients, comprising three mild cases required O2 supplement via nasal prong and seven severe cases required O2 supplement via high flow nasal cannula.
Seven HCWs took oral corticosteroids as 1 or 2 tablets twice a day or 1 tablets three times a day for up to three days. The total cumulative dose was 20 mg prednisolone equivalents in median IQR 10—30 mg. HCWs who took corticosteroid experienced lower reactogenicity total score in median 3. Because vaccine-induced immune thrombotic thrombocytopenia, a rare potentially fatal side effect of adenoviral vector vaccines, had not been reported by that time 16 , 17 , ChAd vaccination candidates included young HCWs who reported significantly more severe reactogenicity compared to ChAd-vaccinated older HCWs or BNT-vaccinated HCWs in similar age groups 5 , 6.
In addition to those with underlying allergic rhinitis, several HCWs took corticosteroid agents to avoid potential side effects, based on the experiences of alleviation of acute symptoms of upper respiratory tract infections We enrolled 14 HCWs who took corticosteroid agents in the peri-vaccination period of the first dose of ChAd and evaluated humoral and cellular immune responses at the third week after vaccination.
Total reactogenicity scores of the ChAdPd group were significantly lower than those of the ChAd group and no one experienced severe or critical side effects. Humoral immune response was not compromised in the ChAdPd group, and average antibody concentration was higher in the ChAdPd group compared to the ChAd group.
Because of the small size of the study population, it is difficult to conclude an enhanced immune response of the ChAdPd group. However, our findings do indicate that short-term corticosteroid use during the peri-vaccination period of the first dose of ChAd did not hinder immunogenicity of the vaccine. Generally, it is recommended to avoid corticosteroid agents in peri-vaccination periods because they can interrupt the immunogenicity of the vaccine.
Observational studies conducted on the recipients of either the pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine or the hepatitis B vaccine indicated that long-term steroid use can decrease serologic response 20 , On the other hand, it was suggested that short-term, high-dose steroid use did not affect the immunogenicity of the influenza vaccine 22 , The potential effect of corticosteroid use on the immunogenicity of COVID vaccines has not been thoroughly investigated.
There was a report that the antibody level was lower in a low-dose steroid user in an older adult cohort who received two doses of mRNA vaccine, but the sample size was small and statistical significance was not achieved It also was reported that the immunogenicity of COVID vaccines in solid organ transplant recipients was poor, but they took T-cell suppressive agents in addition to corticosteroids 9 , One potential hypothesis of this phenomenon is that by inhibiting acute immune response against vector adenovirus, the delivery of DNA in the vector adenovirus to host cells could be more effective.
Although the reason why the first dose of ChAd provokes more severe reactogenicity compared to the first dose of BNT has not been identified, acute immune response against the vector adenovirus is a plausible reason 6. It has been reported that systemic administration of adenovirus as a gene transfer vector induces innate, pro-inflammatory immune response 26 , An animal study exhibited that dexamethasone pre-treatment reduced innate and adaptive immune response to the adenovirus vector without reducing efficacy of gene transduction As a following investigation, we conducted single cell transcriptome sequencing in healthy adults vaccinated with ChAd and noticed immediate monocyte activation occurs from the next day of vaccination unpublished data.
The increased activity of monocytes waned in the following specimens taken five and 12 days after vaccination. Further investigation about immediate immune response among ChAdPd group and after the second dose of ChAd is currently ongoing. In addition, we evaluated effect of short-term corticosteroid use among ChAdPd group after the heterogeneous boosting with BNT. The humoral and cellular immunogenicity was not significantly different between HCWs who took short-term corticosteroid and those who did not.
Although experimental data explaining possible mechanism of the present study findings have not been fully elucidated yet, we noticed that short-term corticosteroid use in peri-vaccination period does not hinder immunogenicity of COVID vaccines. The findings and hypothetical mechanisms of the present study need to be investigated in detail by following studies. Our study had several limitations. First, the number of participants was small and they were confined to relatively young and healthy HCWs.
Meanwhile, since high reactogenicity of ChAd is most significant among young age groups, the present observation in young and healthy HCWs would be meaningful. In an observational study, Effect of short-term corticosteroid use on the immunogenicity of ChAd in old age group need to be evaluated, it might not have significant effect on the reactogenicity of that group.
Second, the doses of corticosteroid were heterogeneous. Third, immunogenicity of the participants was mainly evaluated after the first vaccination dose. However, IGRA is a well-validated method in the evaluation of latent tuberculosis, and its application for the evaluation of cell-mediated immunity of viral infections including cytomegalovirus is recently considered Fifth, anti-SARS-CoV-2 spike protein antibody test kit was used for the measurement of humoral response, while neutralization test was not conducted.
Lastly, the present study observation occurred in a special situation of an adenoviral vector vaccine, it cannot be generalized to other COVID vaccines. Despite these limitations, our study findings suggest novel insights into the reactogenicity and immunogenicity of the adenovirus vector vaccine, eliciting further investigations.
In conclusion, in an observational cohort study evaluating the immunogenicity of COVID vaccines, short-term low-dose corticosteroid use in the peri-vaccination period of ChAd reduced reactogenicity without hindering immunogenicity. Further inquiries can be directed to the corresponding authors. All authors contributed to the article and approved the submitted version.
The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers.
Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher. We greatly appreciate the patients and HCWs who participated voluntarily in this study. N Engl J Med — Lancet — Agency EM. Google Scholar. J Korean Med Sci e Prevention CfDCa. J Hepatol —8. J Clin Microbiol e— Diagnostics R.
J Clin Med Am J Transplant — Bmj j Arthritis Res Ther Vaccine — Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med —5. Pediatrics — PubMed Abstract Google Scholar. J Am Med Directors Assoc —8. Ann Intern Med Gene Ther —
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